¹People relate to the pork-producing sector and to pork-based products in two ways: via their role as citizen, and via their role as consumer. Negative externalities of pig production (e.g. odour, nitrates in drinking water) shape citizens' reactions and may give rise to societal concerns. As consumers, people relate to pork-based products and their characteristics based on their eating habits and preferences for quality attributes, nutritional aspects, price etc.

 

²Performance can be increased on several levels: On the level of a single enterprise, at production chain level, at production network level, at sectoral level etc.

 

³Including innovations regarding the value chain organisation.

 

⁴The first commercially successful steam engine introduced to the market in the 18^th century can be called an innovation. This innovation is based on an invention already made in the 17^th century. After introducing the steam engine to the market a continuous improvement process started. The core technology was a trigger for the Industrial Revolution and had great influence on many aspects of the economy and social life.

 

⁵CIS stands for Community Innovation Statistics. It is based on a cross-sectional survey of all firms in all EU member states. The Community Innovation Statistics are the main data source for measuring innovation in Europe. CIS data cover the basic information of the enterprise, product and process innovation, innovation activity and expenditure, effects of innovation, innovation cooperation, public finding of innovation, source of information for innovation patents, etc. (Eurostat, 2010).

 

⁶ANBERD stands for Analytical Business Enterprise Research and Development database. Through the use of established estimation techniques, the OECD Secretariat has created a database designed to provide analysts with comprehensive and internationally comparable time-series on industrial R&D expenditures (OECD, 2010).

 

⁷STAN stands for STructural ANalysis Database. The database provides a comprehensive tool for analysing industrial performance at a relatively detailed level of activity across countries. It includes annual measures of output, labour input, investment and international trade which allow users to construct a wide range of indicators to focus on areas such as productivity growth, competitiveness and general structural change (OECD, 2010b).

 

⁸The demand for differentiation is characterised by the “attraction and risk of moving into new and untested product markets, broadening and changing technological resources and, more radically, changing the fundamental directions and goals of the organization.” (Clipson, 1991)

 

⁹The demand for standardisation is characterised by the ”economies of standardization, the need for interchangeability in product systems, the need for control of processes, the need for a standard quality product, specialization of markets and the need for common management controls” (Clipson, 1991).

 

¹⁰The longer the high risk period, the more money is spent and the more losses in trade and animals cannot be avoided.

 

 ¹¹Actor(s) can be a single company or a group of different actors (multi-actors like innovation consortium or -network).

 

¹²Trust characteristics cannot be checked on their own, i.e. health value, organic production, GMO free etc. The consumer has to rely on the producer or vendor statement when it comes to trust characteristics. Ideally the producer’s statement is certified by a neutral third party.

 

¹³For the purpose of information distribution the project had a team of persons who were responsible for dissemination on the European level to specific transmission of information in individual EU countries. Different target groups were approached during the dissemination activities (interested trade public, industry, university graduates etc.), and a large number of information tools were also implemented: websites, newsletters, events, workshops, official trips, conferences, demonstrations, eLearning material etc. (MSSE D1: Facilitating the flow of information, D2: Offering trainings).

 

¹⁴An innovation broker is an organization acting as a member of a network of actors in an industrial sector that is focused neither on the generation nor the implementation of innovations, but on enabling other organizations to innovate” (Winch and Courtney, 2007).

 

¹⁵The Liaison Office had a general overview of the ongoing research activities of the individual work groups and could thus take on mediating functions.

 

 

¹⁶Competition situation during the call: 29 proposers submitted proposals for joining the project. Finally 13 new partners were formally integrated. The selection of new partners was made by an evaluation panel (consisting of the project coordination committee and two project external evaluators).

 

¹⁷Integral parts of the contract were:

•        Information (about the economic situation, among other things) about the new project partner;
• ­       Content description of the planned activity including a description of how the new content is to be embedded in the entire project;
• ­       Consortium agreement between project partners

 

 ¹⁸The Liaison Office was supported, in regard to the content of the report, by scientists who are integrated in the core work group.